Thursday, May 31, 2018

Head loss due to Transitions and Fittings (Local loss) for InfoSWMM and SWMM5

Head loss due to Transitions and Fittings (Local loss)
Whenever flow velocity changes direction or magnitude in a conduit (e.g., at fittings, bends, and other appurtenances) added turbulence is induced. The energy associated with that turbulence is eventually dissipated into heat that produces a minor head loss, or local (or form) loss. The local (minor) loss associated with a particular fitting can be evaluated by
                                                                                                      
where   V         =          mean velocity in the conduit (m/s, ft/s)
                K         =          loss coefficient for the particular fitting involved.
The table given below provides the loss coefficients (K) for various transitions and fittings.
 
Table 3-3: Typical Minor Loss Coefficients
Type of form loss
K
Expansion
Sudden
D1 < D2
Gradual
D1/D2 = 0.8
0.03
D1/D2 = 0.5
0.08
D1/D2 = 0.2
0.13
Contraction
Sudden
D1 > D2
Gradual
D2/D1 = 0.8
0.05
D2/D1 = 0.5
0.065
D2/D1 = 0.2
0.08
Pipe entrance
Square-edge
0.5
Rounded
0.25
Projecting
0.8
Pipe exit
Submerged pipe to still water
1.0
Tee
Flow through run
0.6
Flow through side outlet
1.8
Orifice
(Pipe diameter
 /orifice diameter)
D/d = 4
4.8
D/d = 2
1.0
D/d = 1.33
0.24
Venturi (long-tube)
(Pipe diameter
 /throat diameter)
D/d = 3
1.1
D/d = 2
0.5
D/d = 1.33
0.2
Bend
90o miter bend with vanes
0.2
90o miter bend without vanes
1.1
45o miter bend
0.2
Type of form loss (continued)
K
Bend
45o smooth bend:
     (bend radius
 /pipe diameter)
r/D = 1
0.37
r/D = 2
0.22
r/D = 4
0.2
90o smooth bend
r/D = 1
0.5
r/D = 2
0.3
r/D = 4
0.25
Closed return bend
2.2
Sluice
Submerged port in wall
0.8
As conduit contraction
0.5
Without top submergence
0.2
Valve
Globe valve, fully open
10
Angel valve, fully open
5.0
Swing check valve, fully open
2.5
Gate valve, fully open
0.2
Gate valve, half open
5.6
Butterfly valve, fully open
1.2
Ball valve, fully open
0.1
       Source: Nicklow and Boulos (2005)

Rules and Ranges the for Hydrology Options in InfoSWMM and InfoSWMM SA

Subcatchment Hydrological (Modeling) - Data Table

This table contains all subwatershed data that is used to estimate the amount of  runoff and pollutant yielding from Subwatersheds. For more information on each of the input (data fields) in this table, Subcatchment editor may be referred.  The following table is in invert colors and shows the whole first row of the DB Table on separate rows in the image.

Field
Description
Subcatchment ID
User determined ID.  It can only be changed with the Change ID command.
Raingage ID
Specify Raingage ID used to input rainfall data to Subcatchment.
Receiving Node ID
Node ID for node receiving rainfall hydrograph from Subcatchment.
Subcatchment Area
Area of Subcatchment
Subcatchment Impervious (%)
Percentage of the Subcatchment covered by impervious surfaces.
Subcatchment Width
Characteristic width of the Subcatchment (feet or meters).
Subcatchment Slope
(%) Slope of the Subcatchment.
Subcatchment Curb Length
Total length of curbs in the Subcatchment (any length units). Used only when pollutant buildup is normalized to curb length.
Snow Pack ID
Name of snow pack parameter set (if any) assigned to the Subcatchment.
Manning's N for Imperv. Portion
Manning's N for overland flow over the impervious portion of the Subcatchment.
Manning's N for Pervious Portion
Manning's N for overland flow over the pervious portion of the Subcatchment.
Depression Stor. for Imp. Portion
Depth of depression storage on the impervious portion of the Subcatchment (inches or millimeters)
Depression Stor. for Perv. Portion
Depth of depression storage on the pervious portion of the Subcatchment (inches or millimeters).
% of Imperv. Part w/o Dep. Stor.
Percent of the impervious area with no depression storage.
Runoff Routing Destination
Choice of internal routing of runoff between pervious and impervious areas:
  • IMPERV -    runoff from pervious area flows to impervious area.
  • PERV -   runoff from impervious flows to pervious area.
  • OUTLET -   runoff from both areas flows directly to outlet.
% of Runoff Routed to Destination
Percent of runoff routed between subareas.
LENGTH
Characteristic length of the Subcatchment (feet or meters).
CNTRD_DIST
Distance from centroid of Subcatchment to outlet (feet or meters).
NRCS_CN
NRCS Curve Number
DCIA_LEVEL
Directly Connected Impervious Area Level for CUHP method
  • Level 1 assumes that all roof gutters are disconnected from driveways, gutters and Stormwater conveyance elements.
  • Level 2 is for developments that already use Level 1 and do not have any curbs and gutters, including concrete swale gutters.  All runoff from streets and parking areas is directed as sheet flow across grass surfaces.  Intermittent curbs with frequent opening to the grass surface qualifies as Level 2.
CIA_RATIO
Fraction of the impervious area that is directly connected to the drainage system.
RPA_RATIO
Fraction of the pervious area that receives runoff from pervious area and unconnected impervious area.
TC
Time of concentration (minutes).
WQCV
Water Quality Capture Volume (watershed inches or millimeters).
WQCV_TIME
The time it takes to fully drain the brim-full WQCV
Runoff Coefficient
SDMRH only.  (Note - There is a different Runoff Coefficient reported in HYDQUA.RPT.  It is the total runoff from the Subcatchment divided by the total rainfall over the Subcatchment.  It should always be between 0 and 1.)
Storage Coefficient
Snyder UH and Clark UH.  Represents storage effects of the watershed.
Empirical Coefficient
Snyder UH only.
Conveyance Factor
Espey UH only
Infiltration Model
Use this to use a different infiltration model than the default model set in Simulation Options.
Depression Storage
Average depth of depression storage across the Subcatchment.  Can be used in NRCS methods to indicate Initial Abstraction (Ia).
Storage Coefficient
Storage Coefficient for German Runoff
Reservoir Count
Reservoir Count for German Runoff
  

Rules and Ranges the for Hydrology Options


 Innovyze Hydrology Type Data Ranges and Default









Hydrology Type
Data Type
User Unit
Internal Unit
Valid Internal Range
Default Internal Values


rain-depth



Colorado  UH

in or mm



DCIA level
enumerator


1, 2, 3
1
hydraulic length
double
ft or m
ft
>= 1
50
centroid distance
double
ft or m
ft
>= 0
0
DCIA fraction
double


0 <= & <= 1
0.2
RPA fraction
double


0 <= & <= 1
0.75
time of concentration
double
minutes
seconds
>= 1
60
captured volume
double
rain-depth
ft
>= 0
0
Drainage time
double
hours
seconds
>= 0
12












NRCS/Delmarva





Curve Number
double


40 <= & <= 100
75
hydraulic length
double
ft or m
ft
>= 1
50
time of concentration
double
minutes
seconds
>= 1
60
depression storage
double
rain-depth
ft
>= 0
0












Snyder  UH





storage coefficient
double


0.1 <= & <= 8
2
empirical coefficient
double


0.1 <= & <= 1.0
0.5
hydraulic length
double
ft or m
ft
>= 1
50
centroid distance
double
ft or m
ft
>= 0
0
depression storage
double
rain-depth
ft
>= 0
0












Clark UH





storage coefficient
double


0.1 <= & <= 10
1
time of concentration
double
minutes
seconds
>= 1
60
depression storage
double
rain-depth
ft
>= 0
0












Santa Barbara





time of concentration
double
minutes
seconds
>= 1
60
depression storage
double
rain-depth
ft
>= 0
0












Espey  UH





hydraulic length
double
ft or m
ft
>= 1
50
conveyance factor
double


0.6 <= & <= 1.3
1
depression storage
double
rain-depth
ft
>= 0
0












Modified Rational





time of concentration
double
minutes
minutes
>= 1
5
runoff coefficient
double


0 <= & <= 1
0.5
storm duration
double
factor
factor
TC:  > 0
1


hours
hours
Dur:  >= 0







San Diego Rational





runoff coefficient
double


0 <= & <= 1
0.5
time of concentration
double
minutes
minutes
>= 1
0.75












German Runoff





Storage constant
double
minutes
minutes
> 0
5
Reservoir count
integer


> 0
1




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