Showing posts with label Horton. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Horton. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 21, 2022

Horton, Green Ampt and CN Infiltration in a Table Form - with Emojis


Comparing Infiltration Estimation Methods ๐ŸŒฆ๐Ÿ’ง๐ŸŒฑ๐ŸŒ

Infiltration, the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil, is a vital hydrological phenomenon ๐ŸŒฟ๐Ÿ’ง. Estimating infiltration accurately is paramount for understanding watershed behavior, managing stormwater, and crafting effective water infrastructure ๐ŸŒŠ๐Ÿž. Here, we'll contrast some leading methods used for estimating infiltration.


๐ŸŸข Horton Infiltration Equation vs. Curve Number Method ๐Ÿ“Š๐Ÿ“‰

AspectHorton Infiltration Equation ๐Ÿ€Curve Number Method ๐ŸŒ€
DefinitionAn empirical equation for estimating infiltration based on soil ๐ŸŒฑ, antecedent moisture ๐Ÿ’ง, and potential maximum infiltration rate ๐ŸŒŠA statistical method grounded in soil ๐ŸŒฑ, land use ๐ŸŒ†, and hydrologic conditions ๐ŸŒง
Inputs RequiredSoil type ๐ŸŒฑ, antecedent moisture condition ๐Ÿ’ง, potential maximum infiltration rate ๐ŸŒŠSoil type ๐ŸŒฑ, land use ๐Ÿž, hydrologic conditions ๐ŸŒฆ
UsageDeployed in diverse hydrologic and environmental modeling scenarios ๐Ÿ“ˆFavored for stormwater management systems ๐ŸŒŠ and flood control structures ๐Ÿšง
AdvantagesSimplicity across a vast range of soil types and conditions ๐ŸŒฟ๐Ÿ’งExtensively tested and calibrated, based on a vast dataset ๐Ÿ“Š
LimitationsMay neglect vegetative cover ๐ŸŒฟ or soil compaction impacts on infiltrationCan be imprecise for soils with extreme infiltration rates, may not encapsulate soil moisture's full influence ๐ŸŒฆ

๐Ÿ”ต Horton Infiltration Equation vs. Green-Ampt Infiltration Model ๐ŸŒง๐Ÿ’ง

AspectHorton Infiltration Equation ๐ŸŒฟGreen-Ampt Infiltration Model ๐ŸŒง
DefinitionEmpirical equation focused on soil type ๐ŸŒฑ, antecedent moisture ๐Ÿ’ง, and potential maximum infiltration rate ๐ŸŒŠMathematical model revolving around soil moisture content ๐Ÿ’ง and hydraulic conductivity ๐Ÿšฐ
Inputs RequiredSoil type ๐ŸŒฑ, antecedent moisture condition ๐Ÿ’ง, potential maximum infiltration rate ๐ŸŒŠData on soil moisture content ๐Ÿ’ง, hydraulic conductivity ๐Ÿšฐ, and effective porosity ๐ŸŒพ
UsageChosen for diverse hydrologic and environmental modeling applications ๐Ÿ“ˆEspecially apt for predicting infiltration in unsaturated soils ๐ŸŒฑ๐Ÿ’ง
AdvantagesSimple and versatile across many soil types and conditions ๐ŸŒฟ๐Ÿ’งFactors in soil moisture's impact on infiltration, adaptable across a spectrum of soil types ๐ŸŒฑ๐Ÿ’ง
LimitationsMay disregard the effect of vegetative cover ๐ŸŒฟ or compaction on infiltrationCan be off the mark for soils with extreme infiltration rates. Requires exact data, sometimes tricky to fetch ๐Ÿ“Š๐Ÿ“‰

Each method shines in its own right and presents unique challenges ๐ŸŒง๐ŸŒฑ. The optimal method hinges largely on the specific conditions of the study locale and the data at hand ๐Ÿ“Š๐Ÿ“‰. Staying informed about these techniques ensures sound decisions in hydrology and water management ๐ŸŒŠ๐Ÿ’ง๐ŸŒ.


 

Monday, April 17, 2017

#SWMM5 Simple 100 mm Rainfall model for #LID modeling - Part 1

Simple SI Unit Model for SWMM5 LID with 100 mm Rainfall.
Reading this blog and using the embedded SWMM 5 example file, you will run a simple SI unit model based on factors of 1 and 10. The LID (Bio-Retention Cell) is designed to have zero outflows, Figure 1, as the storage is set to 1000 mm. The Subcatchment area is 1 hectare, the prevent impervious is ½ hectare divided into ¼ hectare sections with and without depression storage, the pervious area is ½ hectare (Figure 2). The LID Bio-Retention area is ¼ hectare or 25 percent of the Subcatchment. The SWMM5 divides the Subcatchment into nonLID and Lid sections (Figure 3) and the impervious area and pervious areas are automatically reduced by the SWMM5 engine (Figure 6). The internal pervious area is 0.375 hectares, the nonLID area is 0.75 hectares and the two impervious area are 0.1875 hectares each. The example uses 100 mm of rainfall or precipitation to make the comparisons easier.
Figure 1 SWMM 5 Bio-Retention Cell Example with settings based on 10 so that no flow leaves the LID.  The Berm and Storage Height are set to 1000 mm.
Figure 2 Power of 10 SI unit example for Subcatchment and LID in SWMM5.  The Subcatchment area is 1 hectare, the prevent impervious is ½ hectare divided into ¼ hectare sections with and without depression storage, the pervious area is ½ hectare
Figure 3 Four types of Runoff Surfaces in SWMM5 with LID's
Figure 4 Subcatchment Summary in SWMM5 - there is no Runoff and all of the Pervious Flow Infiltrates.  The pervious infiltration is 37.5 mm which is the percentage of the 1 Hectare Subcatchment covered by the pervious area.
Figure 5 LID Summary - no flow out of the LID, only storage.  The LID area has initial and final storage - the final storage is the total inflow + the initial storage. The total inflow is 100 mm of rainfall + 37.5 mm of Impervious Runoff / 0.25 Hectares or 150 mm for a total of 250 mm.
Figure 6 Division of 1 Hectare Subcatchment into LID and NonLID Areas.  The internal pervious area is 0.375 hectares, the nonLID area is 0.75 hectares and the two impervious area are 0.1875 hectares each.
[TITLE]
;;Project Title/Notes
LID Model
[OPTIONS]
;;Option Value
FLOW_UNITS CMS
INFILTRATION HORTON
FLOW_ROUTING DYNWAVE
LINK_OFFSETS DEPTH
MIN_SLOPE 0
ALLOW_PONDING YES
SKIP_STEADY_STATE NO
START_DATE 03/22/2017
START_TIME 00:00:00
REPORT_START_DATE 03/22/2017
REPORT_START_TIME 00:00:00
END_DATE 03/23/2017
END_TIME 00:00:00
SWEEP_START 01/01
SWEEP_END 01/03
DRY_DAYS 0
REPORT_STEP 00:05:00
WET_STEP 00:05:00
DRY_STEP 01:00:00
ROUTING_STEP 0:00:05
INERTIAL_DAMPING PARTIAL
NORMAL_FLOW_LIMITED BOTH
FORCE_MAIN_EQUATION H-W
VARIABLE_STEP 0.75
LENGTHENING_STEP 0
MIN_SURFAREA 1.14
MAX_TRIALS 8
HEAD_TOLERANCE 0.0015
SYS_FLOW_TOL 5
LAT_FLOW_TOL 5
MINIMUM_STEP 0.5
THREADS 1
[EVAPORATION]
;;Data Source Parameters
;;-------------- ----------------
CONSTANT 0.0
DRY_ONLY NO
[RAINGAGES]
;;Name Format Interval SCF Source
;;-------------- --------- ------ ------ ----------
1 INTENSITY 0:05 1.0 TIMESERIES A
[SUBCATCHMENTS]
;;Name Rain Gage Outlet Area %Imperv Width %Slope CurbLen SnowPack
;;-------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ----------------
; Name Raingage Outlet Area %Imperv Width Slope Clength
100 1 1 1 50 100 1 0.000000
[SUBAREAS]
;;Subcatchment N-Imperv N-Perv S-Imperv S-Perv PctZero RouteTo PctRouted
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
100 0.013000 0.050000 0 100 50 OUTLET
[INFILTRATION]
;;Subcatchment MaxRate MinRate Decay DryTime MaxInfil
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
100 50 10 1 999.000000 0.000000
[LID_CONTROLS]
;;Name Type/Layer Parameters
;;-------------- ---------- ----------
Bio-Retention BC
Bio-Retention SURFACE 1000 0.0 0.1 1 5
Bio-Retention SOIL 1000 .5 .25 .10 10 10.0 100
Bio-Retention STORAGE 1000 0.1 0 0
Bio-Retention DRAIN 0 0.5 0 6
[LID_USAGE]
;;Subcatchment LID Process Number Area Width InitSat FromImp ToPerv RptFile DrainTo
;;-------------- ---------------- ------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------ ----------------
100 Bio-Retention 1 2500 10 0 100 0
[JUNCTIONS]
;;Name Elevation MaxDepth InitDepth SurDepth Aponded
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
2 101 4.342740 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
1 102 7.298640 0.000000 0.000000 80000.000000
[OUTFALLS]
;;Name Elevation Type Stage Data Gated Route To
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------- -------- ----------------
3 100 FREE NO
[CONDUITS]
;;Name From Node To Node Length Roughness InOffset OutOffset InitFlow MaxFlow
;;-------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
12 1 2 100 .01 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0
23 2 3 100 .01 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0
[XSECTIONS]
;;Link Shape Geom1 Geom2 Geom3 Geom4 Barrels Culvert
;;-------------- ------------ ---------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
12 CIRCULAR 1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1
23 RECT_CLOSED 1 1.600000 0.000000 0.000000 1
[LOSSES]
;;Link Kentry Kexit Kavg Flap Gate Seepage
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
12 0 0 0.000000 NO 0
23 0 0 0.000000 NO 0
[POLLUTANTS]
;;Name Units Crain Cgw Crdii Kdecay SnowOnly Co-Pollutant Co-Frac Cdwf Cinit
;;-------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SF1 MG/L 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO * 0.0 0.0 0.0
[LANDUSES]
;; Sweeping Fraction Last
;;Name Interval Available Swept
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
A 0 0 0
[COVERAGES]
;;Subcatchment Land Use Percent
;;-------------- ---------------- ----------
100 A 100
[LOADINGS]
;;Subcatchment Pollutant Buildup
;;-------------- ---------------- ----------
100 SF1 40
[BUILDUP]
;;Land Use Pollutant Function Coeff1 Coeff2 Coeff3 Per Unit
;;-------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
A SF1 POW 0.0 1 1 AREA
[WASHOFF]
;;Land Use Pollutant Function Coeff1 Coeff2 SweepRmvl BmpRmvl
;;-------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
A SF1 EXP 1 1 0.0 0.0
[TIMESERIES]
;;Name Date Time Value
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
A 00:00 0
A 00:05 9.573452431
A 00:10 10.25274205
A 00:15 11.04623792
A 00:20 11.98563822
A 00:25 13.11546308
A 00:30 14.50019616
A 00:35 16.2367101
A 00:40 18.47713325
A 00:45 21.47391061
A 00:50 25.67639064
A 00:55 31.96236514
A 01:00 42.28290598
A 01:05 61.90323665
A 01:10 110.6596749
A 01:15 202.1863528
A 01:20 122.9825837
A 01:25 78.78745972
A 01:30 57.07434496
A 01:35 44.44627995
A 01:40 36.29030405
A 01:45 30.63131568
A 01:50 26.49481575
A 01:55 23.34912428
A 02:00 20.88150483
A 02:05 18.89679137
A 02:10 17.26739526
A 02:15 15.9065854
A 02:20 14.75345383
A 02:25 13.76406613
A 02:30 12.9059759
A 02:35 12.15470506
A 02:40 11.49147541
A 02:45 10.90163374
A 02:50 10.37359955
A 02:55 9.898093036
A 03:00 9.467598431
[REPORT]
;;Reporting Options
INPUT YES
CONTROLS NO
SUBCATCHMENTS ALL
NODES ALL
LINKS ALL
[TAGS]
[MAP]
DIMENSIONS 82757.219 8542.173 83495.650 8753.113
Units None
[COORDINATES]
;;Node X-Coord Y-Coord
;;-------------- ------------------ ------------------
2 83134.103 8743.516
1 82811.980 8743.508
3 83462.085 8743.524
[VERTICES]
;;Link X-Coord Y-Coord
;;-------------- ------------------ ------------------
[Polygons]
;;Subcatchment X-Coord Y-Coord
;;-------------- ------------------ ------------------
100 83119.103 8710.484
100 83119.103 8551.761
100 82790.784 8551.761
100 82793.138 8710.780
100 82813.136 8730.484
100 83099.103 8730.484
100 83119.103 8710.484
[SYMBOLS]
;;Gage X-Coord Y-Coord
;;-------------- ------------------ ------------------
1 82983.981 8630.926

Saturday, October 15, 2016

Horton Animation of Infiltration in #SWMMM5 and #INFOSWMM

Overview

In this blog we look at GIF of how Horton Infiltration works in #SWMM5 and #InfoSWMM and any other GUI that uses the SWMM5 Engine.


Sunday, September 11, 2016

Graphical View of the Runoff process in #SWMM5 and #INFOSWMM

Here is a graphical view of the nonlinear runoff processes in InfoSWMM and SWMM5:
1. Three runoff surfaces
a. Impervious with Depression Storage
b. Pervious
c. Impervious without Depression Storage
2. Slope (same for all runoff surfaces)
3. Width or the Dimension of the Subcatchment (same for all runoff surfaces)
4. Infiltration
a. Horton
b. Modified Horton
c. Green Ampt
d. Modified Green Ampt
e. Curve Number or SCS or CN
f. Monthly Adjustments for Climate Change for all Infiltration Methods
5. Evaporation
a. Constant
b. Time Series
c. Monthly
d. Temperature
e. Climate File
f. Monthly Adjustments for Climate Change
6. Roughness (Manning’s n)
a. Impervious
b. Pervious
7. Depression Storage
a. Impervious
b. Pervious
8. Temperature for Snowmelt
a. Climate File
b. Time Series
c. Monthly Adjustments for Climate Change
9. Wind Speed for Snowmelt
a. Climate File
b. Time Series
10. Other connected processes
a. LID Controls
b. Groundwater
c. Snowmelt
d. Water Quality
11. Outlet
a. Node
b. Pervious Runoff Surface
c. Impervious Runoff Surface
d. Another Subcatchment
e. LID Controls
i. Rain Garden
ii. Green Roofs
iii. Porous or Permeable Pavements
iv. Bio Retention Cells
v. Infiltration Trench
vi. Vegetative Swales
vii. Rain Barrel
viii. Rooftop Disconnection
12. Rainfall
a. Design Storms
b. Historical Storms
c. Long term NWS data or a Climate File
d. User Time Series
e. Monthly Adjustments for Climate Change

Immerse yourself in the vibrant, non-linear world of runoff processes with InfoSWMM and SWMM5, where every drop of rain and every grain of soil tells a story of hydrological complexity. ๐ŸŒง️๐ŸŒฟ๐Ÿ”

Explore the Runoff Realm: Your journey begins with the varied landscapes of runoff surfaces, each with its own character:

  • The hard, storage-savvy impervious surfaces ๐Ÿ™️
  • The absorbent, life-giving pervious grounds ๐ŸŒฑ
  • The slick, unyielding impervious zones without depression storage ๐Ÿ›ฃ️

Navigate the Terrain: Traverse slopes identical across terrains and witness how width shapes the subcatchment's hydrological response. ๐Ÿž️๐Ÿ“

Infiltrate the Infiltration Puzzle: Decipher the infiltration enigma with methods ranging from Horton to Green-Ampt, each nuanced by climate change's monthly adjustments. ๐Ÿ’ง๐Ÿ•ต️‍♂️

Evaporation - Nature's Algorithm: Engage with evaporation, nature's algorithm, modulated by constants, series, and even the rhythm of the seasons, all under the watchful eye of climate change. ☀️๐Ÿ’จ

The Roughness Factor: Feel the surface beneath your feet, from the sleek impervious to the textured pervious, each with its unique roughness coefficient. ๐Ÿšถ‍♂️๐ŸŒณ

Depression Storage - Nature's Reservoirs: Discover the pockets of storage across your urban and natural landscapes, critical in the initial interception of rainfall. ๐Ÿ›ค️๐ŸŒผ

The Chill of Snowmelt: Brace against the chill of snowmelt, guided by temperature readings and wind speeds from climate files or time series, all fine-tuned for a changing world. ❄️๐ŸŒก️

The Web of Water Processes: Weave through the intricate web of connected water processes, from LID controls that mimic nature to the groundwater's silent flow, the transformation of snow to water, and the dance of water quality constituents. ๐Ÿ’ฆ๐ŸŒ

Where Waters Flow: Follow the water as it journeys to nodes, pervious surfaces, other subcatchments, or through LID controls like rain gardens and green roofs, each a story of ingenuity and design. ๐ŸŒˆ๐Ÿž️

The Drama of Rainfall: And finally, gaze skyward to the drama of rainfall, from design storms to historical patterns, enriched by long-term data and user-created sagas, all under the shadow of climate change. ๐ŸŒฆ️๐Ÿ“–

This is the mosaic of runoff processes in InfoSWMM and SWMM5—a symphony of hydrological phenomena waiting for you to conduct its performance. ๐ŸŽถ๐ŸŒ๐Ÿ“š

GitHub code and Markdown (MD) files Leveraging

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